Shane Legg - Machine Super Intelligence - 2008  ## Metadata - Author: **2008** - Full Title: Shane Legg - Machine Super Intelligence - Category: #books ## Highlights - The problem is that the theory behind these universal agents assumes infnite computational resources (Page 9) - Amazingly, books and papers on artifcial intelligence rarely delve into what intelligence actually is, or what artifcial intelligence is trying to achieve (Page 11) - computation, universal Turing machines, incomputability and the halting (Page 14) - “It seems to us that in intelligence there is a fundamental faculty, the alteration or the lack of which, is of the utmost importance for practical life. This faculty is judgement, otherwise called good sense, practical sense, initiative, the faculty of adapting oneself to circumstances.” Binet and Simon (1905 (Page 20) - “The capacity to learn or to proft by experience.” Dearborn quoted in (Sternberg, 2000) “Ability to adapt oneself adequately to relatively new situations in life.” Pinter quoted in (Sternberg, 2000) “A person possesses intelligence insofar as he has learned, or can learn, to adjust himself to his environment.” Colvin quoted in (Sternberg, 2000) “We shall use the term ‘intelligence’ to mean the ability of an organism to solve new problems . . . ” Bingham (1937) “A global concept that involves an individual’s ability to act purposefully, think rationally, and deal efectively with the environment.” Wechsler (1958) “Individuals (Page 21) - The capacity to learn or to proft by experience.” Dearborn quoted in (Sternberg, 2000) “Ability to adapt oneself adequately to relatively new situations in life.” Pinter quoted in (Sternberg, 2000) “A person possesses intelligence insofar as he has learned, or can learn, to adjust himself to his environment.” Colvin quoted in (Sternberg, 2000) “We shall use the term ‘intelligence’ to mean the ability of an organism to solve new problems . . . ” Bingham (1937) “A global concept that involves an individual’s ability to act purposefully, think rationally, and deal efectively with the environment.” Wechsler (1958) (Page 21) - Tags: #intelligence - The capacity to learn or to proft by experience.” Dearborn quoted in (Sternberg, 2000 (Page 21) - Ability to adapt oneself adequately to relatively new situations in life.” Pinter quoted in (Sternberg, 2000) (Page 21) - Tags: #intelligence - “A person possesses intelligence insofar as he has learned, or can learn, to adjust himself to his environment.” Colvin quoted in (Sternberg, 2000 (Page 21) - We shall use the term ‘intelligence’ to mean the ability of an organism to solve new problems . . . ” Bingham (1937) (Page 21) - Tags: #intelligence - A global concept that involves an individual’s ability to act purposefully, think rationally, and deal efectively with the environment.” Wechsler (1958) (Page 21) - Individuals difer from one another in their ability to understand complex ideas, to adapt efectively to the environment, to learn from experience, to engage in various forms of reasoning, to overcome obstacles by taking thought.” American Psychological Association (Neisser et al., 1996) “. . . I prefer to refer to it as ‘successful intelligence.’ And the reason is that the emphasis is on the use of your intelligence to achieve success in your life. So I defne it as your skill in achieving whatever it is you want to attain in your life within your sociocultural context — meaning that people have diferent goals for themselves, and for some it’s to get very good grades in school and to do well on tests, and for others it might be to become a very good basketball player or actress or musician.” Sternberg (2003) “Intelligence is part of the internal environment that shows through at the interface between person and external environment as a function of cognitive task demands.” R. E. Snow quoted in (Slatter, 2001) “. . . certain set of cognitive capacities that enable an individual to adapt and thrive in any given environment they fnd themselves in, and those cognitive capacities include things like memory and retrieval, and problem solving and so forth. There’s a cluster of cognitive abilities that lead to successful adaptation to a wide range of environments.” Simonton (2003) Perhaps the most elementary common feature of these defnitions is that intelligence is seen as a property of an individual who is interacting with an external environment, problem or situation. Indeed, at least this much is common to practically all proposed defnitions of intelligence. Another common feature is that an individual’s intelligence is related to their ability to succeed or proft. This implies the existence of some kind of 5 (Page 21) - “Individuals difer from one another in their ability to understand complex ideas, to adapt efectively to the environment, to learn from experience, to engage in various forms of reasoning, to overcome obstacles by taking thought.” American Psychological Association (Neisser et al. (Page 21) - “Individuals difer from one another in their ability to understand complex ideas, to adapt efectively to the environment, to learn from experience, to engage in various forms of reasoning, to overcome obstacles by taking thought.” American Psychological Association (Neisser et al., 1996) (Page 21) - Tags: #intelligence - I prefer to refer to it as ‘successful intelligence.’ And the reason is that the emphasis is on the use of your intelligence to achieve success in your life. So I defne it as your skill in achieving whatever it is you want to attain in your life within your sociocultural context — meaning that people have diferent goals for themselves, and for some it’s to get very good grades in school and to do well on tests, and for others it might be to become a very good basketball player or actress or musician.” Sternberg (2003) (Page 21) - Tags: #intelligence - Intelligence is part of the internal environment that shows through at the interface between person and external environment as a function of cognitive task demands.” R. E. Snow quoted in (Slatter, 2001) (Page 21) - . . . certain set of cognitive capacities that enable an individual to adapt and thrive in any given environment they fnd themselves in, and those cognitive capacities include things like memory and retrieval, and problem solving and so forth. There’s a cluster of cognitive abilities that lead to successful adaptation to a wide range of environments.” Simonton (2003 (Page 21) - . . . the ability of a system to act appropriately in an uncertain environment, where appropriate action is that which increases the probability of success, and success is the achievement of behavioral subgoals that support the system’s ultimate goal.” Albus (1991) (Page 25) - Tags: #intelligence